Naval History Archive
HistoryCentral Est. 1996
History of Aviation · to 1918

The Pioneer Years

From the first fragile balloons to the Wright Brothers’ powered flight and the air war of 1914–18 — the decades when humanity first left the ground.

The Story of Flight

41 milestones, in order

to 1918
1780s
1783
First Manned Hot-Air Balloon Flight

First Manned Hot-Air Balloon Flight

On November 21, 1783, Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis d'Arlandes lifted off from the grounds of the Chateau de la Muett

1790s
1794
The First Use of a Balloon for Military Observation

The First Use of a Balloon for Military Observation

In 1794, during the wars of revolutionary France, French forces made the first recorded use of a balloon for military observation.

1860s
1861
Union Balloons in the American Civil War

Union Balloons in the American Civil War

During the American Civil War, Union forces made notable use of observation balloons to watch the movements and dispositions of Confede

1890s
1896
Langley's Aerodrome Model Flies

Langley's Aerodrome Model Flies

On May 6, 1896, Samuel Pierpont Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and a respected astronomer and physicist, achieved on

1899
Percy Pilcher Dies in Glider Crash

Percy Pilcher Dies in Glider Crash

On October 2, 1899, the British aviation pioneer Percy Pilcher died from injuries suffered in a glider accident in Leicestershire, Engl

1900s
1900
Wright Brothers Experiment with Gliders

Wright Brothers Experiment with Gliders

Beginning in 1900, Wilbur and Orville Wright carried out a series of glider experiments in the windswept dunes near Kitty Hawk, North C

1903
The Wright Brothers Fly

The Wright Brothers Fly

Humans have dreamed of flight since ancient times.

1904
Wilbur Wright Flies in a Circle

Wilbur Wright Flies in a Circle

In 1904 the Wright brothers continued their work at Huffman Prairie near Dayton, Ohio, flying an improved aircraft they called Flyer II

1906
First Powered Flight in Europe

First Powered Flight in Europe

On October 23, 1906, Alberto Santos-Dumont, a Brazilian aviation pioneer, achieved a historic milestone by conducting the first officia

1907
First Helicopter Flies

First Helicopter Flies

On November 13, 1907, French engineer and inventor Paul Cornu achieved a historic milestone in aviation by conducting the first success

1908
First Passenger Killed

First Passenger Killed

On September 17, 1908, Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge of the U.S.

1908
Henry Farman's First Circular Flight in Europe

Henry Farman's First Circular Flight in Europe

On January 13, 1908, the aviator Henry Farman flew the first officially observed one-kilometer circular flight in Europe, taking off an

1908
Wilbur Wright Flies for 38 Minutes

Wilbur Wright Flies for 38 Minutes

On October 5, 1905, Wilbur Wright flew the brothers' Flyer III for about thirty-eight minutes near Dayton, Ohio, circling the field at

1908
Wilbur Wright Flies in Europe

Wilbur Wright Flies in Europe

In the summer of 1908 Wilbur Wright traveled to France to silence the persistent doubts of European aviators and the press, many of who

1909
English Channel Crossed

English Channel Crossed

On the morning of July 25, 1909, aviation pioneer Louis Blériot achieved a historic milestone by becoming the first person to fly acros

1909
Eugene Ely Makes the First Shipboard Landing

Eugene Ely Makes the First Shipboard Landing

On January 18, 1911, the civilian aviator Eugene Ely made the first landing of an aircraft aboard a ship.

1909
Geoffrey de Havilland Builds His First Aircraft

Geoffrey de Havilland Builds His First Aircraft

In 1909 the British engineer Geoffrey de Havilland built his first aircraft, a single-seat machine with a pusher configuration.

1909
Louis Bleriot Crosses the English Channel

Louis Bleriot Crosses the English Channel

On July 25, 1909, the French aviator and engineer Louis Bleriot became the first person to fly an aircraft across the English Channel.

1909
Wright Brothers Open the First U.S. Flying School

Wright Brothers Open the First U.S. Flying School

Having proven powered flight and secured contracts and contracts of demonstration, the Wright brothers turned to training the pilots wh

1910s
1911
First Coast-to-Coast Flight

First Coast-to-Coast Flight

The flight was part of Rodgers’ quest to claim the $50,000 prize offered by publisher William Randolph Hearst for the first aviator to

1911
First Landing on a Ship

First Landing on a Ship

On January 18, 1911, Eugene Ely achieved a groundbreaking feat in aviation and naval history by successfully landing a specially-adapte

1911
The First Aerial Bombing Raid

The First Aerial Bombing Raid

On November 1, 1911, during the Italo-Turkish War in Libya, the Italian aviator Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti carried out what is generally

1912
Harriet Quimby Dies in Crash

Harriet Quimby Dies in Crash

On July 1, 1912, Harriet Quimby, the first American woman to earn a pilot's license, was killed in a crash at the Boston-Harvard Aviati

1912
The World's First Seaplane Contest at Monaco

The World's First Seaplane Contest at Monaco

In 1912 the principality of Monaco hosted the world's first competition for seaplanes, a new and rapidly developing class of aircraft a

1913
Roland Garros Crosses the Mediterranean

Roland Garros Crosses the Mediterranean

On September 23, 1913, the French aviator Roland Garros completed the first flight across the Mediterranean Sea, a daring long-distance

1913
Sikorsky's Giant Four-Engine Aircraft Flies

Sikorsky's Giant Four-Engine Aircraft Flies

In 1913, the Russian engineer Igor Sikorsky flew the largest aircraft yet built, a pioneering four-engine machine sometimes called the

1914
Aerial Reconnaissance Proves Its Value at Tannenberg

Aerial Reconnaissance Proves Its Value at Tannenberg

In the opening weeks of the First World War in 1914, aerial reconnaissance demonstrated its battlefield value on the Eastern Front.

1914
First Aerial Bombing of Paris

First Aerial Bombing of Paris

On Sunday, August 30, 1914, in the opening weeks of the First World War, a single German aircraft appeared over Paris and dropped sever

1914
First Aircraft Forced Down in Combat

First Aircraft Forced Down in Combat

On August 25, 1914, in the early days of the First World War, three British aircraft of the Royal Flying Corps encountered a German rec

1914
First Scheduled Airline Passenger Service

First Scheduled Airline Passenger Service

On January 1, 1914, the St.

1915
The Fokker Eindecker and the Fokker Scourge

The Fokker Eindecker and the Fokker Scourge

In 1915 Germany introduced the Fokker Eindecker monoplane to the Western Front, and for a period it dominated the skies in what the All

1915
Zeppelins Bomb London

Zeppelins Bomb London

On the night of September 8, 1915, during the First World War, the German Navy Zeppelin L13 carried out one of the most destructive air

1916
The Boeing Aircraft Company Is Founded

The Boeing Aircraft Company Is Founded

In 1916, the Seattle lumber businessman William E.

1916
The DH.2 Ends the Fokker Scourge

The DH.2 Ends the Fokker Scourge

In early 1916 a new British fighter, the Airco DH.2, entered service on the Western Front and helped break the period of German air sup

1917
Bloody April

Bloody April

"Bloody April" refers to the catastrophic losses suffered by Britain's Royal Flying Corps over the Western Front in April 1917, during

1918
Air Mail Service Begins

Air Mail Service Begins

On May 15, 1918, the United States Post Office launched the first regularly scheduled air mail service, marking a groundbreaking moment

1918
Eddie Rickenbacker Downs Two Planes in a Day

Eddie Rickenbacker Downs Two Planes in a Day

On September 25, 1918, Captain Edward V.

1918
The Red Baron Is Shot Down

The Red Baron Is Shot Down

On April 21, 1918, Manfred von Richthofen, the German fighter ace universally known as the Red Baron, was shot down and killed near the

1919
Seaplanes Cross the Atlantic

Seaplanes Cross the Atlantic

On May 8, 1919, three Navy Curtiss NC flying boats set out from Rockaway Air Station in New York on an ambitious mission: to achieve th

1940s
1944
The B-29 Superfortress

The B-29 Superfortress

The Boeing B-29 Superfortress was the most advanced heavy bomber to see service in the Second World War.

·
The Voisin-Delagrange Biplane Flies

The Voisin-Delagrange Biplane Flies

In the early years of European powered flight, the brothers Gabriel and Charles Voisin became among the first commercial aircraft build

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