>Panama
People
The culture, customs, and language of the Panamanians are predominantly Caribbean Spanish. Ethnically, the majority of the population is mestizo (mixed Spanish and Indian) or mixed Spanish, Indian, Chinese, and West Indian. Spanish is the official and dominant language; English is a common second language spoken by the West Indians and by many in business and the professions. More than half the population lives in the Panama City-Colon metropolitan corridor.
| 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | |
| Population, total (millions) | 2.47 | 3.03 | 3.64 | 4.31 |
| Population growth (annual %) | 2.1 | 2 | 1.8 | 1.6 |
| Surface area (sq. km) (thousands) | 75.4 | 75.4 | 75.4 | 75.3 |
| Population density (people per sq. km of land area) | 33.2 | 40.8 | 49 | 58.2 |
| Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) | .. | 37.9 | 29.8 | .. |
| Income share held by lowest 20% | 1.2 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 3.6 |
| Life expectancy at birth, total (years) | 73 | 75 | 77 | 79 |
| Fertility rate, total (births per woman) | 3.1 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.4 |
| Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) | 100 | 91 | 87 | 80 |
| Contraceptive prevalence, any methods (% of women ages 15-49) | .. | .. | 63 | .. |
| Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) | 86 | 91 | 93 | 93 |
| Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) | 31 | 26 | 20 | 15 |
| Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5) | .. | 5.3 | 3.9 | 3 |
| Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months) | 73 | 97 | 97 | 97 |
| Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) | 81 | 92 | 94 | 90 |
| School enrollment, primary (% gross) | 100.7 | 105.7 | 105.1 | 94.4 |
| School enrollment, secondary (% gross) | 59 | 65 | 71 | 76 |
| School enrollment, primary and secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49) | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1 |
| Environment | ||||
| Forest area (sq. km) (thousands) | 46.1 | 44.4 | 43.3 | 42.1 |
| Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of total territorial area) | .. | .. | .. | 5.2 |
| Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources) | .. | .. | 0.8 | 0.9 |
| Urban population growth (annual %) | 2.9 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 |
| Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) | 603 | 848 | 991 | .. |
| CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) | 1.09 | 1.74 | 2.52 | 2.43 |
| Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) | 833 | 1,267 | 1,745 | .. |