>Kazakhstan
People
Kazaks make up 45% of the population of Kazakhstan. Russians make up 36% of the population, Ukrainians 5%, Germans 4%, Tatars and Uzbeks 2% each. Kazak and Russian are the official languages of the country.
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| 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | |
| Population, total (millions) | 16.35 | 14.88 | 16.32 | 18.76 |
| Population growth (annual %) | 0.6 | -0.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
| Surface area (sq. km) (thousands) | 2,724.90 | 2,724.90 | 2,724.90 | 2,724.90 |
| Population density (people per sq. km of land area) | 6.1 | 5.5 | 6 | 6.9 |
| Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) | .. | .. | .. | 5.3 |
| Income share held by lowest 20% | .. | 6.7 | 9.5 | 9.8 |
| Life expectancy at birth, total (years) | 68 | 65 | 68 | 71 |
| Fertility rate, total (births per woman) | 2.7 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 3.1 |
| Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) | 51 | 34 | 30 | 29 |
| Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49) | .. | 66 | 51 | 53 |
| Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) | 99 | 98 | 99 | 100 |
| Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) | 52 | 43 | 20 | 10 |
| Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5) | .. | 3.8 | 3.7 | .. |
| Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months) | 89 | 99 | 99 | 93 |
| Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) | .. | 93 | 107 | 102 |
| School enrollment, primary (% gross) | 115.7 | 97 | 108.8 | 100.3 |
| School enrollment, secondary (% gross) | 101 | 94 | 98 | 104 |
| School enrollment, primary and secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Environment | ||||
| Forest area (sq. km) (thousands) | 34.2 | 31.6 | 30.8 | 34.5 |
| Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of total territorial area) | .. | .. | .. | 11.7 |
| Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources) | .. | 34.6 | 33.2 | 34.9 |
| Urban population growth (annual %) | 0.4 | -0.2 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) | 4,493 | 2,397 | 4,235 | .. |
| CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) | 14.51 | 8.07 | 14.07 | 11.46 |
| Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) | 5,905 | 3,170 | 4,728 | .. |