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href="Index.html"><img src="../NationByNationIcons/Information@2x.png" width="50" height="50"></a></div></td> <td width="34%"><div align="center"><a href="Economy.html"><img src="../NationByNationIcons/Economy@2x.png" width="50" height="50"></a></div></td> <td width="33%"><div align="center"><a href="Geo.html"><img src="../NationByNationIcons/Geography@2x.png" width="50" height="50"></a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div align="center"><a href="Index.html">Basic</a></div></td> <td><div align="center"><a href="Economy.html">Economy</a></div></td> <td><div align="center"><a href="Geo.html">Geography</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div align="center"><a href="Gov.html"><img src="../NationByNationIcons/Government@2x.png" width="50" height="50"></a></div></td> <td><div align="center"><a href="History1.html"><img src="../NationByNationIcons/History@2x.png" width="50" height="50"></a></div></td> <td><div align="center"><a href=MILITARY.html"><img src="../NationByNationIcons/Military@2x.png" width="50" height="50"></a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div align="center"><a href="Gov.html">Government</a></div></td> <td><div align="center"><a href="History1.html">History</a></div></td> <td><div align="center"><a href="MILITARY.html">Military</a></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div align="center"><a href="Population.html"><img src="../NationByNationIcons/People@2x.png" width="50" height="50"></a></div></td> <td><div align="center"><a href="Tourism.html"><img src="../NationByNationIcons/Tourism@2x.png" width="50" height="50"></a></div></td> <td><div align="center"><a href="transportation.html"><img src="../NationByNationIcons/Transportation@2x.png" width="51" height="50"></a></div></td> </tr> <td><div align="center"><a href="Population.html">People</a></div></td> <td><div align="center"><a href="Tourism.html">Tourism</a></div></td> <td><div align="center"><a href="transportation.html">Transportation</a></div></td> </table> </div> <div align="center"></div> <td width="445"> <p> </p> <h1 align="center">Government</h1> <div align="left"></div></td> </div> </div></div> <div class="container"> <p><br> conventional long form: Republic of Iraq</p> <p>conventional short form: Iraq</p> <p>local long form: Jumhuriyat al-Iraq/Komar-i Eraq</p> <p>local short form: Al Iraq/Eraq</p> <p>former: Mesopotamia, Mandatory Iraq, Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq</p> <p>etymology: the name probably derives from "Uruk" (Biblical "Erech"), the ancient Sumerian and Babylonian city on the Euphrates River</p> <p>Government type<br> federal parliamentary republic</p> <p><strong>Capital</strong><br> name: Baghdad</p> <p>geographic coordinates: 33 20 N, 44 24 E</p> <p>time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)</p> <p>etymology: although the origin of the name is disputed, it likely has compound Persian roots with "bagh" and "dad" meaning "god" and "given" respectively to create the meaning of "bestowed by God"</p> <p>Administrative divisions<br> 18 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah (Arabic); parezgakan, singular - parezga (Kurdish)) and 1 region*; 'Al Anbar; Al Basrah; Al Muthanna; Al Qadisiyah (Ad Diwaniyah); An Najaf; Arbil (Erbil) (Arabic), Hewler (Kurdish); As Sulaymaniyah (Arabic), Slemani (Kurdish); Babil; Baghdad; Dahuk (Arabic), Dihok (Kurdish); Dhi Qar; Diyala; Karbala'; Kirkuk; Maysan; Ninawa; Salah ad Din; Wasit</p> <p>Iraq's Kurdistan Regional Government administers Dahuk, Erbil, and As Sulaymaniyah</p> <p>Independence<br> 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration); note - on 28 June 2004 the Coalition Provisional Authority transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government</p> <p><strong>National holiday</strong><br> Independence Day, 3 October (1932); Republic Day, 14 July (1958)</p> <p><strong>Constitution</strong><br> history: several previous; latest adopted by referendum 15 October 2005</p> <p>amendments: proposed by the president of the republic and the Council of Minsters collectively, or by one fifth of the Council of Representatives members; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Council of Representatives, approval by referendum, and ratification by the president; passage of amendments to articles on citizen rights and liberties requires two-thirds majority vote of Council of Representatives members after two successive electoral terms, approval in a referendum, and ratification by the president</p> <p><strong>Legal system</strong><br> mixed legal system of civil and Islamic law</p> <p>International law organization participation<br> has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt</p> <p><strong>Citizenship</strong><br> citizenship by birth: no</p> <p>citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Iraq</p> <p>dual citizenship recognized: yes</p> <p>residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years</p> <p><strong>Suffrage</strong><br> 18 years of age; universal</p> <p><strong>Executive branch</strong><br> chief of state: President Barham SALIH (since 2 October 2018); vice presidents (vacant)</p> <p>head of government: Prime Minister Mustafa al-KADHIMI (since 7 May 2020)</p> <p>cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, approved by Council of Representatives</p> <p>elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by Council of Representatives (COR) to serve a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); COR election last held on 10 October 2021 (next to be held in 2025)</p> <p>election results:<br> 2018: COR vote in first round - Barham SALIH (PUK) 165, Fuad HUSAYN (KDP) 90; Barham SALIH elected president in second round - Barham SALIH 219, Fuad HUSAYN 22; note - the COR vote on 1 October 2018 failed due to a lack of quorum, and a new session was held on 2 October</p> <p>2014: Fuad MASUM elected president; Council of Representatives vote - Fuad MASUM (PUK) 211, Barham SALIH (PUK) 17; Haydar al-ABADI (Da'wa Party) approved as prime minister<br> </p> <p><strong>Legislative branch</strong><br> description: unicameral Council of Representatives of Iraq (COR) or Majlis an-Nuwwab al-Iraqiyy (329 seats; 320 members directly elected in 83 multi-seat constituencies by single nontransferable vote, 9 seats reserved for minorities - 5 for Christians, 1 each for Sabaean-Mandaeans, Yazidis, Shabaks, Fayli Kurds, and 25% of seats allocated to women; members serve 4-year terms); note - in late 2020, the COR approved an electoral law, replacing the proportional representation voting system with the single non-transferable system</p> <p>elections: last held on 10 October 2021 (next to be held in October 2025)</p> <p>election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Sadrist Bloc 73, National Progress Alliance 37, State of Law Coalition 33, Kurdish Democratic Party 31, Al Fatah Alliance 17, Kurdistan Alliance 17, Al Iraq Alliance 14, New Generation Movement 14, Ishraqet Konoon 6, Tasmin Alliance 5, Babylon Movement 4, National Contract Alliance 4, National State Forces Alliance 4, other 22, independent 43; composition - men 234, women 95, percent of women 28.9%</p> <p><strong>Judicial branch</strong><br> highest courts: Federal Supreme Court or FSC (consists of 9 judges); note - court jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues, application of federal laws, ratification of election results for the COR, judicial competency disputes, and disputes between regions or governorates and the central government; Court of Cassation (consists of a court president, 5 vice presidents, and at least 24 judges)</p> <p>judge selection and term of office: Federal Supreme Court judges nominated by the HJC President, the FSC Chief Justice, the Public Prosecutor's Office chief, and the head of the Judicial Oversight Commission; FSC members required to retire at age 72; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the HJC and confirmed by the Council of Representatives to serve until retirement nominally at age 63, but can be extended to age 66 by the HJC</p> <p>subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal (governorate level); civil courts, including first instance, personal status, labor, and customs; criminal courts including felony, misdemeanor, investigative, major crimes, juvenile, and traffic courts</p> <p><strong>s</strong><br> Al Fatah Alliance [Hadi al-AMIRI]<br> Azm Alliance [Khamis al-KHANJAR]<br> Babylon Movement [Rayan al-KILDANI]<br> Imtidad [Ala al-RIKABI]<br> Ishraqet Konoon [Jaafar AZIZ]<br> Kurdistan Democratic Party or KDP [Masoud BARZANI]<br> National Contract Alliance Falih al-FAYYADH]<br> National State Forces Alliance [Ammar al-HAKIM]<br> National Wisdom Trend [Ammar al-HAKIM]<br> New Generation Movement [SHASWAR Abd al-Wahid Qadir]<br> Patriotic Union of Kurdistan or PUK [Bafel TALABANI]<br> State of Law Coalition [Nuri al MALIKI]<br> The Sadrist Bloc [Muqtada al-SADR]<br> Taqadum [Muhammad al-HALBUSI]<br> Tasmin Alliance [Sarah al-SALIHI]<br> numerous smaller independent, religious, local, tribal, and minority parties</p> </div> </div> </div> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-format="autorelaxed" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3974071567099242" data-ad-slot="5027193468"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> <footer class="footer footer_3">  <footer class="footer footer_3">  <div class="footer_bottom_part"> <div class="container clearfix"> </div> </div>  <div class="footer_bottom_part"> <div class="container clearfix"> <p>© 1996-2023 <span>Historycentral.com Inc</span>. 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